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and the rate has not been adjusted since 1997.

With regard to the method and criteria for adjustment the social partners play an important role in some old EU member by the social partners at national level as part of the country’s current series of social pacts. In Greece minimum wage increases are determined in the framework of national general collective agreements with the government giving on an intersect oral agreement given legal force through a royal decree may rise through either being linked to increases in price or through an agreement between the a consultative or adjusted by decree after the government has consulted the social partners with increases reflecting consumer price increases in manual workers hourly wages and government policy. 

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The Spanish government adjusts the national minimum wage on the basis of consultations with the social partners, and of forecasts for inflation productivity and the general economic situation. In the UK the government decides on minimum wage adjustments on the basis of recommendations from the Low pay commission made up of a chair three members from business three from trade unions and two LPC takes the economic and social implications of any increase in to account. 

An example of a country with less social partner input is the Netherlands where the minimum wage is adjusted by the government based on the development of collectively economic developments or a rise in unemployment or the number of employees with disabilities the government can abandon this mechanism temporarily as is currently the case. Where the jewellery includes gold and silver or any alloy containing gold and silver the market value of such gold. Businesses already function with considerable administrative responsibility for a number of laws including the National Insurance Act.

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In most cases minimum wages are adjusted on a regular basis as laid either in the relevant regulations basis as Brazil, Japan and 17 EU Member states. Adjustments are made twice a year in Greece and the Netherlands and sometimes in Poland and Spain. Statutory minimum wages are adjusted regularly but generally at intervals longer than of one year in Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania. In some cases the frequency of increase may be changed for example through extraordinary freezes- for example as in the Netherlands recently- or through the application of indexation.

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In China and the USA there appears to be fixed frequency of adjustment. In the USA increases in the federal minimum wage are a purely political matter and the rate has not been adjusted since 1997.

With regard to the method and criteria for adjustment the social partners play an important role in some old EU member by the social partners at national level as part of the country’s current series of social pacts. In Greece minimum wage increases are determined in the framework of national general collective agreements with. 

Government giving on an intersect oral agreement given legal force through a royal decree may rise through either being linked to increases in price or through an agreement between the a consultative or adjusted by decree after the government has consulted the social partners with increases reflecting consumer price increases in manual workers hourly wages and government policy. 

The Spanish government adjusts the national minimum wage on the basis of consultations with the social partners, and of forecasts for inflation productivity and the general economic situation. In the UK the government decides on minimum wage adjustments on the basis of recommendations from the Low pay commission made up of a chair three members from business three from trade unions and two LPC takes the economic and social implications of any increase in to account. 

An example of a country with less social partner input is the Netherlands where the minimum wage is adjusted by the government based on the development of collectively economic developments or a rise in unemployment or the number of employees with disabilities the government can abandon this mechanism temporarily as is currently the case. Where the jewellery includes gold and silver or any alloy containing gold and silver the market value of such gold. Businesses already function with considerable administrative responsibility for a number of laws including the National Insurance Act.

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The description of the result below is based on the logit model. The ordered logit model is a form of regression model in which the dependent variable is an ordinal variable. Estimation of the ordered logit model has been done with LIMDEP version7. For detail about the estimation procedure and the interpretation of the results see Greene 1995p. 469- 481 and 1997, p. 672- 676. packers and movers pune and movers and packers pune

Next we will summaries the empirical outcomes in relation to the theoretically expected sing of the explanatory variables that are subdivided in the three categories in eternal factors. Location factors and firm external factors. For a more detailed description of the theoretically expected sings, the model selection process and the empirical outcomes see Van Dijk and Pellenbarg 2000c.

We expect that the industrial sector will have a lower probability of moving than the service sectors. The costs of moving are generally higher for the industrial sector, because the investment in capital stock and the capital intensity is higher. With regard to the service sector the cost of moving can be very high if they move over a long distance when it implies that a large part of their personal does not move with the firm. In that case the hiring firing and training cost can be very high and make relocation over a long distance unattractive. For short distance moves these costs are probably fairly low for the service sector. Theoretically we expect the mobility of the construction wholesale and transport sector somewhere in between the industrial and the service sector.

For the firms in the sector retail and Horace hotels restaurants and bars we expect that they are most of the time sticking to the present location because they are tied to the local market. Firms in this sector are traditionally clatterers because they serve customers who economies on travel by doing multipurpose shopping or seeking food or shelter where there are many providers to minimize shoppers discouragement. As a result the propensity to move is expected to be much lower for retail and Horace than for the industrial sector. This last hypothesis is indeed confirmed in the empirical model, but for the other sectors no significant differences are found.

With regard to the size of the firm we expect that small firms can move more easily to another location than large firms, because the costs of moving and the organizational problems for small firms are expected to be much less than for large firms.

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For some variables it is difficult to assign them to one of the three categories. For instance ownership of the building can be seen as a firm internal factor, but also as a site characteristic. Hence we adopt an eclectic approach for the operationalisation of the explanatory stated preference of the firms with regard to migration in this model variables in the packers and movers pune and movers and packers pune empirical model.

Before turning to the empirical results some remarks will be made about the data and the model. The analysis is based on a very rich micro data set derived from regular surveys among the panel of firms managed by the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the university of Groningen. We use data for 1338 firms that we questioned in 1995/ 1996. A detailed description of the data can be found in Van Steen 1998a. due to the panel character of the data for most firms in the sample we have also information at earlier points in time.

From the survey we know the actual spatial behavior of firm for each year from 1980 and also the propensity to move within the next two years. We have detailed information about the present location characteristics of firms and this information can be used to explain future migration. If firms moved in previous years the present location is the final result. In this paper we will focus on the stated preference of the firms with regard to migration.

Firms were asked to indicate the probability of moving in 1996 or 1997. They could choose from the following categories: 0%, 0-10%, 10-25%, 25- 50%, 50- 75%, 75- 90%, 90- 100% and 100%. For the empirical analysis we interpret this at that the respondent expresses a preference with an ordinal ranking. There is no significance to the unit distance between the set of observed values. With this eight categories the dependent variable y= PMOVE can take values between 0 and 7.

Of all firms 60% answered that they will certainly not move in the next two years. Almost a quarter shows a propensity to move of less than 10% and about 10% indicate that three is a chance of more than 25% that they will move to another location.

For this type of dependent variable the ordered probability model is a suitable tool of analyses see Greene, 1995, p. 469- 481. The two alternative model types the ordered logit and the ordered probit give more or less the same result up to a scale factors.

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Modeling firm relocation: an ordered log it approach

The methodology used in these studies fits in the tradition of firm migration research with the use of rather descriptive methods. In the next paragraph we will present an example of a study in which some of these issues are analysed by means of more rigorous statistical models using packers and movers pune and movers and packers pune  a data set with information of individual Dutch firms.

In the foregoing three strands of theoretical aspects with regards to firm relocation are discussed and also an overview is given of the empirical studies since World War II. Besides location factors that are traditionally used for the explanation of firm relocation. Another important issue is often less appropriate for the explanation of firm relocation because the latter is by definition heavily influenced by the situation at the location before the move.

 This past behavior path dependency in combination with the expected future developments of the firm and the environment requires a more dynamic type of theoretical framework in which behavioral and evolutionary elements play a more prominent role. The decision process for firm relocation is a very complicated process in which several stages can be distinguished. In each stage another set of variables can be the most important factor.

Another issue is that most studies of firm relocation are of a rather descriptive nature, where nowadays more rigorous statistical methods could be applied to test hypothesis derived from the theoretical approaches described in section2.

In this section we will summaries the result of a Dutch study in which an empirical model for the explanation of the stated preference of firms to move to another location is estimated based on micro data for Dutch firms Van Dijk and Pellenbarg, 2000c. Although this study does not take in to account the different stages in the decision process, it is in our view a useful example to show how statistical methods can be used to get more insight in the extent to which the various theoretical notions mentioned before can be empirically verified. The stated preference of the firms with regard to migration in this model is related to a set of variables according to the subdivision in three categories suggested by Lloyd and Dicken 1977:

·         Firm internal factors

·         Location factors site and situation

·         Firm external factors

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Quite remarkable that in Louw’s study

It is quite remarkable that in Louw’s study the average number of location factors mentioned per respondent varies considerably from one decision stage to the: 2.5 for the orientation phase 6.1 for the selection phase and 2.5 again for the negotiation phase. Obviously, in the orientation phase the search is of a superficial nature. Managers only pay attention to two packers and movers pune and movers and packers pune things  the number of square meters that are available rather logical in view of the importance of expansion space problem.

 As relocation factor number one and the price for which the location/ building is for sale or rent. In the selection phase a much greater number of factors are considered. Again price is important but on top that many spatial factors are now entering the scene, location/ situation accessibility- for car as well as by public transport- parking and possibilities for flexible use of space. In the third and final phase the negotiations then focus again on one or two key issues of wich the price issue always is predominant.

 When asked by Louw in his interviews for an ex- post evaluation the managers usually demonstrate satisfaction about the outcome of the negotiations, but in two third of the cases they nevertheless keep the feeling that they’ve had to compromise. Most of the compromises are about the price and about the parking facilities.

Louw’s process- oriented approach of firm relocation decisions had been followed up in recent years by pen 1999, 2000. In a study based on an extensive enquiry among over 1000 individual firms he considers relocation as one of six types of location strategies. He finds that the average length of the decision making process is much longer than often assumed on average 2 years and shows that the number of stages in the decision process varies from a minimum of three till a maximum of seven.

After factor analysis Pen’s results suggest that the relocation process is triggered by a combination of firm internal and external developments and not in the first place by lack of space for expansion and accessibility per se. this is in contrast to the dominant outcome based on answers from decision- makers on more straightforward survey questions. Interestingly the importance of individual factors prevails in the short three step decision processes while personal considerations are more important in five phased processes Pen 2000, p. 23. From the previous paragraphs we may conclude that still many things are not know about the decision making process of firms in general and with regard to firm relocation in particular.

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Result the interregional commuting streams

As a result the interregional commuting streams in the Netherlands almost doubled between 1987 and 1998 Ekamper and Van Wissen 2000. Possibly the most interesting and rewarding new research theme of the 1990s is the new interest in the process of firm decision making. In fact the identification of push- pull- and keep- factors only gives a superficial kind of packers and movers pune and movers and packers pune explanation of firm relocation processes a very partial insight in to how relocation decisions are really made.

There is a need to dig to a deeper level of explanation which takes in to consideration how decision processes regrading firm migration develop in more detail and which constraints have to be met during these processes by the decisions makers. In section 2 we already indicated the interest in decision processes which springs from the behavioural approach. Already in the 1970s Rown roe representing this approach developed a model with five successive decision stages viz.1 stimulus, 2 problem definition, 3 serch, 4 formulation and comparison of alternatives and, 5 choice and action.

The choice stage was further divided in to eight subsequent steps Town roe 1973. Later other authors have produced even more complicated models of the location decision making process see among others Lloyd and Dicken 1977, p.330. the application of their schemes and models in empirical research was scarce.

Consequently the knowledge about location decision processes continued to be normative and descriptive and remained untested. However the 1990s witness a revival of interest in this process aspect of firm migration decisions. Recently Louw gave a good example of a practical application of decision stage models in his phD thesis about locational choice behaviour of migrating large offices in the Netherlands Louw 1996. Louw divided the decision making process in to three phases viz.

an orientation phase a selection phase and a negotiation phase. This roughly corresponds to the phases 3, 4 and 5 of Town roe. It turns out then that spatial factors these are geographical position accessibility parking possibi;ities proximity of facilities & public transport and quality of the spatial surroundings play an important part in the first two phases whereas finacial and contractual factors are getting more important in the third phase when it comes to negotiating a result table2. The dominance of spatital factors in the search process is most important for firm that want to own their site and building and relatively less important in case a firm rents its premises.

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