Tuesday 30 September 2014

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Powered Mobile racking

Powered mobile racking is effectively single deep APR, with the racking except the end or outer rows mounted on electrically powered base frames. Operationally it has similar characteristics to APR but it is slower in use and the pallet position utilization is likely to be similar to APR at 95%. This type of storage is expensive in equipment and floor costs and it tends to be slow in operation. However it gives very dense storage and is suitable for the typically large number of product lines have low stock and now throughput. It also finds use in cold- storage applications where space costs are especially high and however temperature variations are reduced by cutting the air space in the storage area.
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Pallet live storage

Live storage system are made up made up of inclined gravity roll conveyors laid out side by side and at a number of vertical levels. Pallets are fed in at the higher end and removed as required at the lower. Such a system imposes FIFO. The only accessible pallets are at the out feed end so any one lane should only hold pallets of the same product line.
Pallet live storage systems are suitable for very fast – moving product lines. They can provide effective order picking regimes which automatically refill empty locations, and also provide physical separation between picking and replenishment operations.
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Small item storage systems
As with palatalized storage system there is a range of different types system for holding small items. With small item storage it often happens that different system are incorporated into one installation. Consequently the concept of standard equipment sizes and molecularity is important for small item storage systems.
The following lists are some of the storage systems used for small items:
·         Shelving
·         Tote bins
·         Drawer units
·         Dynamic systems- mobile and live storage
·         Mechanized systems- carousels and mini loads
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Summary
Warehouses may be distributed in the field in order to shorten to shorten transportation distances to permit rapid response to customer demand. This study material shows us the process of decision making in the selection of type of warehouse between private and public warehouse and its location preferences in the whole supply chain network.
It gives various functions involved in warehouse operations. It also gives the selection of storage system required to suit various types of goods in order to increase the efficiency of warehouse operations.


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Once in place the distribution provides most of the insights required for slotting the entire warehouse. The item- order completion distribution identifies small groups of items that can fill large groups of orders. Those small groups of items can often be assigned to small order completion zones in which the productivity processing rate and processing quality are two to five times better than that found in the general warehouse. The item order completion distribution is constructed by ranking the items from most to least popular.
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Beginning with the most popular item then the two most popular items, then the three most popular items and so on the items are put against the order set to determine what portion of the orders a given subset of the items can complete. In a multiple warehouse the warehousing operations can either be centralized or decentralized. This type of decentralizing will be advantageous for the following situations.
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Consumption centers are located at different places and at distant places. The transaction of goods is very high. In decentralized warehousing operations each warehouse is considered as a separate entity. Thus each warehouse will have a separate safety stock there will be orders from lower warehouse to the upper warehouse and there will be in – transit stocks. Each warehouse will optimize inventory individually. The advantages of such system are but the system has the disadvantages of having high running cost due to increased stock and personnel in each warehouse and due to handling of more information.
As against this in a centralized system of warehousing operations order processing storing of safety stocks and control stock movements will be done centrally by a central warehouse. Finally those items in the upper left hand quadrant of the distribution generate the fewest picks per unit space they occupy and they should be assigned positions in the bronze zone. This example is not meant to make an end all recommendation for slotting broken case picking systems.
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That depends on many other factors including the wage rate the cost of space the cost of capital the planning horizon and so on. Instead this example is presented to illustrate how the popularity- cube- movement distribution is used in the slotting process. The important requirement for this centralized system is a well established information system. But this system has the following advantages. Orders for multiple items on a single source can be bunched together 2 there will be reduction in safety stock by a factor equal to a wherein is the number of warehouses.

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A family item is to be stored in automated highly storage mode , Family B in a semi- automated moderately productive picking mode and family C in a manual picking mode that offers high storage density. 5 percent of the items Family A may make up 50 percent of the picking activity the next 15 percent of the items Family B may take us to 80 of the picking activity and remaining 80 percent of the picking activity and the remaining 80 percent of the picking activity Family C cover the other remaining picking activity.
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Or these families we can assign the different type of storage methods source.
World class warehousing Decisions on the storage of ABC classified items. Hence this type of materials is to be stored in stored in large storage area along the pick line- carton flow rack. The basic principle is to assign the most popular items to the easy accessible area in order to optimize the traveling time and to increase the picking efficiency. Materials with low cube movement and high popularity are generating many picks per unit of space that they occupy and do not occupy much space along the pick line.
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 This need to be in highly productive picking mode. In this case light directed carousels are recommended because the picking productivity is high and we can afford the carousels for items that do not need large storage housings on the line and do not need to be restocked frequently. Items with low popularity and low cube movement cannot be justifiably housed in an expensive storage mode.
Hence they are candidates for bin shelving and modular drawers. Done properly slotting takes into account both item- popularity distribution and the cube- movement distribution. These distribution can be combined into a joint distribution. An example popularity- cube- movement distribution for broken case picking is presented. In this example those item exceeding a certain cube- movement thresh old are assigned to carton flow rack Materials with high cube and turn over frequently need to be restocked at frequent basis.
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 It also needs a larger storage area with to relocate or restock the items when compare to the materials with low cube movement. Once the storage mode assignments have been made the preference regions for each storage mode become their popularity – cube movement distribution. Those items in the bottom right – hand portion of the distribution generate the most picking activity per unit space they occupy in the storage mode. 

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A public warehouseman is responsible for the protection of the quality and quantity of the goods entrusted to him. He is not interested in the ownership or the use of goods, and is responsible for the goods only as a bailee. He is expected to take care of the goods as a man of normal prudence. He is an ideal third party between the buyer and the seller between the borrower and the lender. A warehouse receipt for goods is accepted for sale or for borrowing. Thus the warehouses renders physical support to trading.
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In the warehouse the goods of one owner are segregated from those of other owners. The borrower has no control over these goods. They cannot be used sold or even handled by the borrower without the previous and written permission of the bank. Thus it becomes a perfect security for a loan. It is specifically insured beyond the reach of attachment or legal process.
 In practice it is desirable to used both private and public warehousing according to the products and customer based.
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Also private warehouses need not owned. Normally goods in the go down of a trader or a private warehouse of a firm are a part of the general assets of the trader. They are not a separate entity. An additional Rs. 1,00,000/- worth of goods might swell the inventory of the trader but it does not correspondingly increase his ability to borrow. If additional Rs. 1,00,000/- worth of goods ware stored in a warehouse they can be used as collateral for borrowing.
They may be rented or leased with or without material handling and other office equipments. In consequence the location of the seller’s production and distribution facilities in relation to those of customers is an important decision making process. There is less risk of fire in a warehouse than in a factory. 
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Accordingly insurance rates for goods in a warehouse are lower. Moreover there is a practical guarantee against the temptation of a hard – pressed dealer or manufacturer to set fire to his establishment to convert the goods which otherwise cannot be sold in to cash.
It is apparent that no seller can be equally near all customers or prospective customers. The space and time also impose significant limitation on the. In order to ensure that such an eventuality does not arise organizations like banks insists that borrowers store their goods in public warehouse. For this purpose they offer concessional margins and rates of interest. In a public warehouse the warehouseman’s integrity is the only security for the owner of the good.
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These warehouses are owned managed and controlled by central or state government or public corporations or local authorities. Both government and private enterprises may use these warehouses to store their goods. Central Warehousing Corporation of India state warehousing corporation and Food Corporation of India are
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examples of agencies maintaining government warehouses. The warehouses which are owned and managed by the manufacturers or traders to store, exclusively their own stock of goods are known as private warehouses. Generally these warehouses are constructed by the farmers near their fields by wholesalers and retailers near their business centers and by manufacturers to the nature of products to be stored.
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The warehouses which are run to store goods of the general public are known as public warehouses. Anyone can store his goods in these warehouses on payment of rent. An individual a partnership firm or a company may own these warehouses. To start such warehouses a license from the government is required. The government also regulates the functions and operations of these warehouses. Mostly these warehouses are used by manufacturers wholesalers exporters, importers government agencies etc.
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 Warehouses of India :These warehouses are owned managed and controlled by government as well as private agencies. Private bonded warehouses have to obtain license from the government. Bonded warehouses are used imported goods for which import duty is yet to be paid. In case of imported goods the importers are not allowed to take away the goods from the ports till such duty is paid.
These warehouses are generally owned by dock authorities and found near the ports.These warehouses are owned managed and controlled by co- operative societies. They provide warehousing facilities at the most economical rates to the members of their society. A warehouse may be privately owned and operated by a company making its own merchandise. This is called a private warehouse.
A warehouse may be owned and operated by another organization including a government agency and only used by a company on certain terms and conditions. This is called a public warehouse. A public warehouse may be owned by a company in the private sector but used by the general public. Irrespective of whether private or a public warehouse the following factors have to be taken in to account to work out the cost storage.

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The central warehouse with these above information’s will have to make decisions about when and how much to reorder from the factory. F the decisions are made on the basis of outdate incomplete and erroneous information many of the decisions will late turn out to be wrong a consequence that will raise costs and reduce sales.
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These reduction in inventory costs adequately justify the cost of information system. In such a centralized system the central warehouse will have to do the additional record keeping and decision making required in a branch warehouse operation. That is it should keep track of each branch’s current stock of each item its rate of sale at each branch the amount currently on order and amount in transit. Compatibility with information system requirements.
Acurate Storage
·         Maintenance of stock condition and integrity;
·         Personal safety;
·         Overall system cost
·         The location of stock within is an important aspect of stock management and can be considered at different levels of detail.
·         Space- land building and building services;
·         Fire protection;
·         Handling equipment including maintenance;
·         Staff;
·         Information management system.
The type of materials passing through warehouses
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varies enormously with different sizes weight shapes levels of fragility and hazard characteristics. A major benefit of unit loads such as pallets is that they enable the use of standard storage systems and handling equipment irrespective of what is handled. Nevertheless variations in throughput and order picking patterns make it appropriate to have different types of storage system with different operational characteristics so that system can be selected that most closely match the needs of the wider system within which they are to operate. The key factors influencing the choice of a storage system are. The nature and characteristics of the goods and unit loads held. The effective utilization of building volume- horizontal and vertical. When comparing the costs of different storage systems it is not only the storage equipment cost that should be taken in to account. Other cost elements that could be affected by the choice of system include Good access to stock;
One way of classifying storage systems could be:
·         Bulk storage for solids such as silos bunkers and stockpiles;
·         Loose item storage ex casting and fabrications held loose on the floor;
·         Pallet storage systems;
·         Small item storage for individual items or small unit loads.
Non standard unit loads such as long loads.
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